Soybean mosaic virus smv is a member of the plant virus family potyvirideae and is the cause of soybean mosaic disease, which occurs in all soybean production areas of the world. Gene networks controlling phakopsora pachyrhizisoybean interactions. Infectious virus was not detected in testas was detected in 100% of the flowers, immature seeds, and green pods that from mature midwest seeds by a local lesion index, but the same testas were tested but not in any of the dry pods. Furthermore, smv often infects soybeans with other viruses such as bean pod mottle virus bpmv, alfalfa mosaic virus amv and tobacco ringspot virus trsv wang, 2009. Soybean aphid has been shown to transmit this virus. Fine mapping and candidate gene discovery of the soybean. Turnip mosaic virus tobacco etch virus soybean mosaic virus. Control of virus diseases in soybeans sciencedirect. Soybean mosaic virus and bean pod mottle virus act synergistically. Field incidences of smv correlate with flights of the soybean aphid burrows et al. Soybean mosaic virus smv occurs in all soybeangrowing areas in the world and causes huge losses in soybean yields and seed quality.
Viruses added included cmv, alfalfa mosaic virus amv, and two potyviruses, bean common mosaic virus and bean yellow mosaic virus. An association of bean yellow mosaic virus bymv, genus potyvirus, with yellow mosaic leaf symptoms on soybean in argentina was determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, a result. To date, a few viruses, including bean pod mottle virus bpmv, cucumber mosaic virus cmv, and soybean mosaic virus smv, have been engineered as gene. Soybean mosaic virus smv soybean mosaic virus is transmitted through seed at rates ranging from 0 to 5% in some commercial varieties, and by several species of aphids, including soybean aphid. Soybean mosaic virus smv is one of the most devastating pathogens that cost huge economic losses in soybean production worldwide. Project methods soybean orthologs of known arabidopsis defensesignaling components will be silenced using virus induced gene silencing and the effect of their silencing on the soybean resistance responses to the various pathogens will be studied. Check the underside of the leaves for aphids and, if found, treat immediately with an insecticidal soap or neem oil. Cole trebesch said he follows university threshold recommendations to control soybean aphids in his brown county, minnesota, fields. Oct 30, 2014 the occurrence of soybean mosaic virus smv in soybean grown in midhill condition of meghalaya, india was confirmed by symptomatology, transmission electron microscopy, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction rtpcr and partial characterization of cytoplasmic inclusion protein ci, nuclear inclusion protein and coat protein nibcp domains. Fungicide efficacy testing results for mycosphaerella blight ascochyta from carrington rec. Identified differential responses of soybean germplasm to bean pod mottle virus. Coinfection of both viruses increased the yield loss to as high as 86% and increase the rate of smv seed transmission.
Infection by both viruses induce severe symptoms and terminal death may occur. Leaves may appear as a mottled mixture of dark green, light green, and yellow with a distorted shape. Infection of soybean seed parts and seed transmission g. It infects mainly plants belonging to the family fabaceae but has.
First molecular evidence of soybean mosaic virus smv. The disease caused by this potyvirus was controlled after the introduction of. Soybean mosaic virus smv smv is introduced into soybean fields with infected seed. The virus particle is a long, flexuous rod containing a single strand of rna.
General symptoms of smv and amv infection are plant stunting, leaf distortion, rugosity and mottling, reduced pod numbers and seed discoloration. Pdf infection of soybean with soybean mosaic virus increases. Soybean mosaic virus is seedborne and ubiquitous in soybean, but has been effectively controlled through resistant cultivars. The current status of the soybeansoybean mosaic virus smv. Detection, understanding and control of soybean mosaic virus. Most varieties will be stunted and have fewer pods. Cucumber mosaic virus in tomatoes is evidenced by stunted, yet bushy, growth. In wisconsin in 20 numerous products were evaluated for white mold control in soybean. Soybean mosaic virus smv nia proteasemediated cleavage of. The study was carried out to determine the comparative pathogenic response of six cultivars of soybean. Fine mapping and candidate gene discovery of the soybean mosaic virus resistance gene, rsv4 m. Soybean mosaic virus and alfalfa mosaic virus badger crop doc.
Trifoliate leaves show distinct mosaic and mottling symptoms with light and dark green areas that later can become raised or blistered along the. Purification of soybean mosaic virus for antiserum production. Due to the duplicated genome, clustered and highly homologous nature of r genes, as well as recalcitrant to transformation, soybean disease resistance studies is largely lagging compared with other diploid crops. The control of plant viruses relies heavily on phytosanitary applications, insect vector control, and the use of cultivars resistant to specific plant viruses. The incidence of smv infection in soybean fields has been much lower than that reported for bpmv.
Managing white mold in soybean wisconsin field crops. Sep 27, 20 after eliminating all of the known causes, a sample was screened for several common bean viruses. We discovered a soybean mosaic virus smv variant 42781 that caused systemic infections in nicotiana benthamiana plants, resulting in stem stunting and leaf shriveling. Cucumber mosaic virus cmv is one of the most common plant viruses, causing yellow mottling, distorted leaves and stunted growth in a wide range of garden plants, not just cucumbers. Agronomic impact our experience over the past few years. Role of soybean mosaic virusencoded proteins in seed and. Ponceau s solution staining was included as a control to show equal loading of protein samples. Smv is spread by several aphid species, and the major source of infection is soybean, for this virus is commonly seedborne in that crop. Differentiation of soybean mosaic virus isolates by onedimensional trypsin peptide maps immunoblotted with monoclonal antibodies.
Bean pod mottle virus wisconsin field crops pathology. This virus was first identified in iowa and the united states in 1967. Soybean mosaic virus avirulence determinants corresponding to the rsv genes. Mixed infections of bean yellow mosaic virus and soybean mosaic virus are common in soybeans.
Engineering a decoy substrate in soybean to enable recognition. Role of soybean mosaic virus encoded proteins in seed and aphid transmission in soybean. Early infection is usually more severe and will produce plants. Reduced seed set can occur if plants are infected at the seedling stage. Mosaic viruses are mostly spread by insects, especially aphids and leafhoppers.
Soybean mosaic virus smv induces symptoms closely resembling those caused by bcmv. Bean pod mottle virus bpmv is a virus disease spread primarily by the bean leaf beetle, cerotoma trifurcata. The roles in seed and aphid transmission of selected smvencoded proteins were investigated by constructing mutants in and chimeric recombinants between smv 4 efficiently aphid and seed transmitted. Soybean mosaic virus and bean pod mottle virus seed infected by soybean mosaic virus left and by bean pod mottle virus right. Soybean mosaic virus and alfalfa mosaic virus badger. Effect of single and double infections of soybean mosaic virus and bean pod mottle virus on soybean yield and seed characters. To date, a few viruses, including bean pod mottle virus bpmv, cucumber mosaic virus cmv, and soybean mosaic virus smv, have been engineered as gene delivery vectors for systemic expression. Seo jk1, ohshima k, lee hg, son m, choi hs, lee sh, sohn sh, kim kh. Pea seedborne mosaic virus psbmv in field peas and lentils pp1704 2014.
Bean yellow mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus potyvirus and the virus family potyviridae. Soybean mosaic virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Effect of different strains of soybean mosaic virus on growth, maturity, yield, seed mottling, and seed transmission in several soybean. Fungicide recommendations are developed by the ncera7 national soybean disease committee, and recommendations are based on replicated research data collected from university trials. Silencing of random cdnas encoded by the soybean genome will be carried out in an effort to identify novel components of the soybean. Virus diseases constitute the most serious threat to soybean production in many tropical areas. The cassava mosaic viruses include eleven species of virus in the genus begomovirus. Mixed infections of bean yellow mosai c virus and soybean mosaic virus are common in soybeans. The current status of the soybeansoybean mosaic virus. Dec 10, 2009 the study was carried out to determine the comparative pathogenic response of six cultivars of soybean.
Soybean mosaic virus differs from bean yellow mosaicand bean common mosaicviruses in that i it fails to cause systemic symptoms in phaseolus vulgaris cultivars excepting double white princess, ii bean common mosaic virus does not infect soybean systemically, and iii bean yellow mosaic virus infects vicia faba. Several viruses can cause devastating diseases in domestic apple malus x. The experiment was conducted in the screenhouse at the crop production pavilion, faculty of agriculture, university of ilorin. Quebra da resistencia em pimentao contra o pepper yellow mosaic virus. The disease itself has several synonyms including mild apple mosaic virus, hop virus, rose mosaic virus, and european plum line patten virus. Mosaic virus overwinters on perennial weeds and is spread by insects that feed on them. Bean yellow mosa ic virus h as a wide host r ange, is easily transmissible mechanically, a nd by more than 20 species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner. A synonym of the virus is subterranean clover red leaf virus. Smv belongs to potyvirus and causes typical symptoms such as mild mosaic. Apple mosaic virus apmv is a plant pathogenic virus of the family bromoviridae. Effects of cowpea mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus. Again, there is no treating mosaic infections in beans. Section of plant pathology and plantmicrobe biology, school of integrative plant science, cornell university, new york state agricultural experiment station, geneva, ny 14456. Soybean mosaic virus helper componentprotease alters leaf morphology and reduces seed production in transgenic soybean plants.
Enhancement by soybean mosaic virus of bean pod mottle virus. Breakdown of resistance in sweet pepper against pepper yellow. Cucumber mosaic disease was first reported in north america around 1900 and has since spread worldwide. Soybean mosaic virus helper componentprotease alters leaf. The disease may be difficult to detect as symptoms look similar to several nutrient deficiencies. Managing white mold in soybean wisconsin field crops pathology. Viruses are prevalent in cultivated crops, weeds, and plants in natural ecosystems.
While these and other cucurbits can be stricken, cucumber mosaic virus cmv regularly attacks a wide variety of garden vegetables and ornamentals as well as common weeds. Ranga agriculture university, andhra pradesh, india corresponding author a b s t r a c t keywords article info. The virus had a particle morphology and incubation period similar to those of other smv isolates but differed from them in the leaf symptoms it caused when infecting soybean and n. With soybeans, alfalfa mosaic virus amv, bean pod mottle virus bpmv, and soybean mosaic virus smv can substantially reduce yield, but also cause seed coat mottling, which directly impacts the sales of high quality food grade soybeans, one of ohios top export crops. Variety resistance reported, but commercial varieties are not rated for reaction to smv. It has a positive sense single stranded rna ssrna genome of approximately 10 kb in length, a genome linked viral protein vpg covalently bound to the 5. Effects of cowpea mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus on. Symptoms on soybean include stunting, and leaf puckering, rugosity, and yellowing. Pdkv, akola, 444104, maharashtra, india 2department of plant pathology, achaya n.
It infects mainly plants belonging to the family fabaceae but has also been found infecting other economically important crops. Symptoms of soybean viruses include a mosaic pattern of light greenyellow and dark patches, distorted and wrinkled leaves, mosaic symptoms caused by soybean mosaic virus. Goodman graduate research assistant and associate professor, respectively, department of plant pathology and international soybean program. Seed discoloration from soybean mosaic virus seed discoloration from soybean mosaic virus. Transgenic soybean glycine max plants expressing soybean mosaic virus smv helper componentprotease hcpro showed altered vegetative and reproductive phenotypes and responses to smv. The sample came back strongly positive for tobacco streak virus tsv. It is important to detect any new virus or new outbreak of a virus in virginia crops, and assess its economic or biosecurity significance. Aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies and cucumber beetles are common garden pests that can transmit this disease. It causes symptoms similar to those produced by ryegrass mosaic virus, but is not transmitted by abacarus hystrix and does not react with antiserum to ryegrass mosaic virus mulligan, 1960. Soybean mosaic virus smv and alfalfa mosaic virus amv are virus diseases of soybean that are transmitted by aphids as they feed on plant sap. Tgx 184418e, tgx 14482e, tgx 19108f, tgx 10192en, tgx 19108f and tgx 18764e to single and mixed infections with cowpea mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus. Coinfection of both viruses increased the yield loss to as high as 86% and increase the rate of. Soybean mosaic virus smv is a prevalent pathogen that causes significant yield reduction in soybean production worldwide.
Molecular variability and genetic structure of the. The most common virus of soybean around the world is soybean mosaic virus smv. Control bean yellow mosaic is not seedtransmitted, thus roguing is of no value. During early viral infection, molecular interactions between. Soybean mosaic is caused by the potyvirus soybean mosaic virus.
Smv is a member of the genus potyvirus berger et al. Detection, diversity, and management of soybean mosaic virus. It is named after its symptoms that were first present on apples. The virus is important on long bean, especially when infection comes from planting diseased seed. Symptoms of smv vary with variety, virus strain, environment, and age of plant at infection. Plantation, another virus, turnip mosaic virus tumv was identified from dames rocket hesperis matronalis l. Sometimes only part of the plant is affected with normal fruit maturing on the uninfected branches. After eliminating all of the known causes, a sample was screened for several common bean viruses.
Smv is the cause of soybean mosaic disease that occurs in all the soybean productions areas of the word. Pdf bean yellow mosaic virus in soybean from argentina. Soybean mosaic virus smv is a member of the potyvirus group hill, 1999. Soybean mosaic virus but not in those of merit seeds. Seed resistant isolines as fundamental controls, or monitor. Soil, seed, starter pots and containers can be infected and pass the virus to the plant. Panjabrao deshmukh krishi vidyapeeth, akola, ms 444104, india corresponding author a b s t r a c t inoculum was prepared. Tolin abstract soybean mosaic virus smv is a prevalent virus infecting soybean glycine max l. Characterization of a soybean mosaic virus variant causing. Aphids feed on infected plants and transmit smv to healthy plants seasonlong.
Bean yellow mosaic virus has a wide host range, is easily transmissible mechanically, and by more than 20 species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner. The soybean plants with pods showing necrotic spots were noticed in lateplanted soybeans. This concerns, for example, bean pod mottle virus, cucumber mosaic, peanut stunt and soybean stunt viruses, tobacco ringspot virus and tobacco streak virus frison et al. Gonsalves new york state agricultural experiment station, cornell university, geneva, ny 14456 some cultivars of phaseolus vulgaris l. Most leading commercial snap bean varieties are resistant to smv, with only a restricted number showing susceptibility. Mosaic virus infects roses, tulips, beets, plums, tobacco, beans, peppers, and cucumbers. Jul 01, 2014 fungicide recommendations are developed by the ncera7 national soybean disease committee, and recommendations are based on replicated research data collected from university trials. Entomology image gallery plant diseases and damage soybean soybean mosaic virus. You can try covering your plants with a floating row cover or aluminum foil mulches to prevent these insects from infecting your plants.
Identified and released virus resistant germplasm, and mapped virus resistance genes including for maize chlorotic dwarf virus, maize dwarf mosaic virus, and sugarcane mosaic virus. Mosaic virus control mosaic virus is a viral disease found in many gardens throughout the united states. Symptom severity is dependent upon the interaction between the soybean cultivar and virus strain. African cassava mosaic virus acmv, east african cassava mosaic virus eacmv, and south african cassava mosaic virus sacmv are distinct species of circular singlestranded dna viruses that are whitefly transmitted and primarily infect cassava plants. Molecular variability and genetic structure of the population of soybean mosaic virus based on the analysis of complete genome sequences. The mosaic pattern in these soybean leaves is due to infection by bean pod mottle virus. Smv is much more studied than bean pod mottle virus.
Soybean mosaic virus smv is seed and aphid transmitted and can cause significant reductions in yield and seed quality in soybean glycine max. Check the soybean seeds october, 1997 soybean seed coat mottling june, 1998 discolored soybean seeds october, 1998. Aphid control is vital to control of bean mosaic virus. Like other members of the potyvirus genus, it is a monopartite strand of positivesense, singlestranded rna surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. Pdf detection, understanding and controlof soybean mosaic virus. Dissecting soybean defense pathways using virusinduced.
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